The Cytochrome c oxidase (COX) region of mitochondrial DNA is the most studied region of the fish mitochondrial genome. COX is one of the largest protein coding genes of metazoan mitochondrial genome.COX (E.C.1.9.3.1) is the terminal member of the respiratory chain catalyzing the reduction of dioxygen to water by ferrocytochrome C. A 19.927 kDa COX has been characterized in Channa punc-tata where COX III dimensional structure was generated using Deep View/ Swiss Pdp Viewer 3.7(Sps) by homol-ogy modeling, predicted model was validated in RAM-PAGE Server and COX secondary structure is predicted by PSIPRED, PHYRE and TNHMM Server. Protein statics was carried out by using the SAPS and CLC sequence viewer. The predicted 3-D model shows that most 95 % of residues have φ and ψ angle in the core and allowed re-gions, α-helix region 89.33%, β-sheet 9.33%, fully allowed regions 81.52%, additionally allowed regions 14.13%, generally allowed regions 3.26%, isoelectric point 4.95 and aliphatic index 121.72, from these results we can un-derstand the structure and properties of protein COX. However, homology modeling will give more insight on DNA bar coding.

The present study deals with the Impact of industrial effluents and sewage on river Thamirabarani. Water samples were collected from 5 different river and canal stations such as Melapalayam canal, Palayam canal, Kottur canal, Kandiyapperi canal, Vannarpet and different chemical parameters such as colour, pH, dis-solved solids and microbial study of the samples were analysed. The tests showed that the samples of Mela-palayam is more polluted in all parameters. Fluoride was found normal in all sites. TDS and Turbidity in Melapalayam canal, Palayam canal and kandiyaperi canal found more. Sites I, II and III are highly bacte-riologically contaminated. It was concluded that the samples of river water were polluted mostly and associ-ated with industrial effluent and sewage discharge.

This study investigated toxic impacts of lead over the concentrations of malondialdehyde (MDA), super oxide dismutase (SOD), proline activity and chlorophyll content in Capsicum annum. Despite a reduction in the growth of the plant, its MDA, SOD and proline contents were increased, whereas its chlorophyll content was decreased under the heavy metal stress, corresponding to the concentration of the metal ion. Increased amount of MDA was indicative for the formation of free radicals in plants under heavy metal stress, while increased levels of SOD and proline were pointed to the occurrence of a scavenging mechanism. The decrease in chlorophyll content is an indication of reduction in the growth of the plants leading to a decrease in the yield.

In the anomuran crab Albunea symmista, the extent of epidermal retraction and the developmental changes of setae on the pleopods were used to define the molt cycle stages. The female crab Albunea symmista exhibits reproductive and non-reproductive molt. Hence, it shows antagonistic relationship with molting and reproduction. Thus in the case of anomuran crab Albunea symmista spawning is always followed by two successive molt. The ovary of reproductive molt remains in the spent stage .It does not undergo any further development, awaiting for the embryo development on the pleopod and hatching out from the brood at the time of the early remount stages. The ovary of non reproductive molt does not completes its maturation in the next post molt stage. As the ovarian development proceeds, the animal gets molted and it does not undergo continuous spawning in this stage. The matured ovary spawns in the late postmolt or early intermolt during reproductive molt cycle and the cycle continues.

Pollution of the aquatic ecosystems by heavy metals is a worldwide problem. In the present study, Clarias batrachus was exposed to Mercury and Chromium for 24, 48, 72 and 96 hrs. The median lethal concentration (LC50) of mercury to C. batrachus for 24, 48, 72 and 96 h of exposure were 1.4 ppm, 1.2 ppm, 1.0 ppm and 0.8 ppm respectively. The median lethal concentration (LC50) of chromium to C. batrachus for 24, 48, 72 and 96 h of exposure were 120 ppm, 115 ppm, 110 ppm and 102 ppm respectively. The acute toxicity levels were derived from LC50 concentrations of the heavy metals. Both the heavy metals produced lethality at smaller doses. Physiological responses like rapid opercular movement and frequent gulping of air was observed during the initial stages of exposure after which it became occasional. All these observations can be considered to monitor the quality of aquatic eco system and severity of pollution.

Two surface glycoproteins of H1N1 virus namely hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA) are responsible for binding and entry of the virus into the target cell. Neuraminidase inhibitors (NAI) interfere with the release of progeny influenza virus from infected host cells and thereby halt the spread of infection. Effective binding of NAI to the neuraminidase receptors prevents the digestion of sialic acid as well as spreading of progeny virus. Interaction studies between neuraminidase and existing drugs viz., oseltamivir, zanamivir, and peramivir was carried out using molecular docking procedure and compared with the modified probable drug analogues. The results were analyzed based on the energy value between existing and modified probable drug analogues and reveals that analogues were having better affinity than its predecessor. Thus, the concept of protein-ligand interaction can be useful in designing new drugs for H1N1.

Germination of Mustard and Castor seeds was made by irrigated with distillery spentwash of different concentration. The spentwash i.e. primary treated spentwash [PTSW] 1:1, 1:2 and 1:3 spentwash were analyzed for their plant nutrients such nitrogen, phosphorous, potassium and physical & chemical characteristics. Experimental soil was tested for its chemical physical parameters. Mustard and Castor seeds were sowed in the prepared land and irrigated with raw water (RW), 1:1, 1:2 and 1:3 (SW: RW) spentwash. The nature of germination of seeds was studied. It was found that, the germination was good (100%) in 1:3 SW irrigation, while very poor in 1:1 SW (25%), moderate in 1:2 SW (80%) and 95% in RW irrigations.

Study of phytolith (opaline silica) depositions in plant parts of pteridophytes is an emerging field in science.
Some recent studies have shown promising results for their use in nanotechnology, archaeology and plant
taxonomy. Chinese brake fern (Pteris vittata) and some aquatic ferns like Marsilea minuta, Salvinia molesta,
Azolla pinnata and Ceratopteris thalictroides have been studied here to record their characteristic pattern of
phytolith if any. In the present study, distinguishable plates like phytoliths were found in the plant body of Azolla
pinnata and leaves of Marsilea minuta indicating their usefulness for distinguishing genera. No morphologically
distinguishable phytoliths were found in Salvinia molesta and Ceratopteris thalictroides. Plate like and various
other shaped phytoliths were found in Pteris vittata which support early observations by previous workers.

Earlier mushrooms were consumed mainly for their palatability and unique flavours, but their use as to meet
specific nutrient requirements and medicinal purposes is recent one. Pharmaceutical substances with potent and
unique health enhancing properties have been isolated from a number of medicinal mushrooms. The modern
research support that mushrooms consists of a valuable source of biologically active compounds having
significant antioxidant activity and protecting cellular DNA from oxidative damage. The present communication
involves the evaluation of antioxidant potential of some mushrooms viz. Coprinus plicatilis, Lentinus tigrinus,
Ganoderma applaunatum, Helvella crispa and Flammulina velutipes growing wild in Kashmir. Among them
Lentinus tigrinus proved to be having highest antioxidant potential where as Helevella crispa with least
antioxidant potential, but all the selected species of mushroom come out with more or less positive results.